Engineering Handbook Extracts SUGGESTIONS PLEASE HOME SITE: Panel Design USA: Other Applications DATE VERSION
SHOW - HIDE OMHS LAW Current Volts Resitance calculated I =V/R I AMPS VOLTS V OHMS R AMPS I V=I*R V VOLTS OHMS R AMPS I VOLTS V R=V/I R OHMS SHOW - HIDE AC MOTOR CACULATIONS AC MOTOR ESTIMATES CACULATIONS 3 PHASE 1 PHASE entered calculated units MECHANIICAL OUTPUT Power Output HP HP POUT kilowatts Revs per minute RPM RPM Torque Ƭ =POUT*1000/ꙍ N-m For other Torque units, see the Units Conversion tab converted to PoundForce-Feet lbf-ft Angular Speed ꙍ =RPM*2ꙥ/60 rads/sec ELECTRICAL INPUT Volts V volts Current I amps Power Factor pf none Power Consumed PIN =I*V*pf*√n/1000 kilowatts (n = 3 or 1 for phase) Efficieny =POUT/PIN
BINARY TO DECIMAL DECIMAL TO BINARY SIGNED 2'S COMP. BINARY TO DECIMAL (AND HEX.) Short explanation of 2's complement binary to decimal conversion by example:Say we have an 8 bit binary: 0010 0100This represents, in pure binay, 36 decimal (2^5 + 2^2 = 32 + 4 = 36)Because the left most bit is 0, 36 is also the value in a 2's complement.To make -36, then the left bit must be 1 and the remaining 7 bits should be the 2's complement of 010 0100.Let's form the 2's complement:First "flip the bits" giving 101 1011Then add 1 giving 101 1100So, putting in the left side bit to represent minus, we have 1101 1100This is -36 in decimal from 8 bits 2's complemented binaryLets try +36 and -36 with 10 bits (EXCEL uses 10 bits)00 0010 0100 = 36 (positive)Lets make -36 (negative)Left bit becomes 1 (minus)9 remaining bits are flipped 1 1101 1011and 1 is added 1 1101 1100So (adding back in the left side 1 bit) the 10 bit binary is 11 1101 1100This is -36 in decimal usiing 10 bits 2's complemented binary(Try it in Excel) YOU WILL HAVE A BINARY NUMBER - 1'S AND 0'S. If you know that it is a 2's complement, then you need to know how many bits the intelligent system is using to represent the decimal number. The left hand bit will be the sign bit: if it is zero the decimal number is positive and the rest of the bits are the pure conversion: if it is a "1" then the rest of the bits represent a negative value, BUT are 2's complemented. ENTER NUMBER OF BINARY BITS THAT YOU WISH TO USE (FROM 1 TO 32) HIGH WORD, HIGH BYTE ENTER ONLY "0" OR "1" "1" MAKES VALUE NEGATIVE AT "1=NEG" BOX HIGH WORD, LOW BYTE ENTER ONLY "0" OR "1" "1" MAKES VALUE NEGATIVE AT "1=NEG" BOX LOW WORD, HIGH BYTE ENTER ONLY "0" OR "1" "1" MAKES VALUE NEGATIVE AT "1=NEG" BOX LOW WORD, LOW BYTE ENTER ONLY "0" OR "1" "1" MAKES VALUE NEGATIVE AT "1=NEG" BOX USE THE MATRIX ABOVE TO BUILD YOUR BIT PATTERN. (ENTRIES 0 OR 1 IN THE YELLOW BOXES) RED "X" CELL BELOW INDICATES BIT IS NOT COUNTED (HIGHER THAN NUMBER OF BITS YOU SPECIFIED ABOVE) (THE BINARY STRING HERE TO THE RIGHT SHOWS THE EFFECTIVE NUMBER) THIS IS THE (32 BIT LENGTH) HEXADECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF THE BINARY WORD ABOVE THAT YOU BUILD "" "" DECIMAL TO SIGNED 2'S COMP. BINARY (AND HEX) Short explanation of signed decimal to 2's complement binary conversion by example:Lets say that we have a decimal number 25.In powers a 2 (binary) 25 = 16 + 8 + 1 = 2^4 + 2^3 +2^0 In pure binary notation this is 11001 However, in 2's complement conversion for 5 bits, the left side bit is taken as a sign bit and, if it is 1, the rest of the bits are taken to represent the value of a negative number.So if we want a positve 25, we need 6 bits in order to have the left side bit as a 0So positive 25 must be 6 bits minimum 011001 for a 2's complement system. So how do we form -25 (the negative) in 2's complement binaryFirst flip the pure bits giving 00110Then add 1 giving 00111Then add a left side bit to indicate the minus giving 100111 for a 6 bit minimum to represent negative 25 in a 2's complement systemWhat if the system uses more than the minimum bits? Then bits are filled to the left with 0s for postive or 1s for negative. For example a 20 bit system:0000 0000 0000 0001 1001 = 25 positve (using 20 bits 2's complement)1111 1111 1111 1110 0111 = -25 negative (using 20 bits 2's complement) YOU WILL HAVE A DECIMAL NUMBER - If you know that the intelligent system is using 2's complement, then you need to know how many bits are being used to represent the decimal number. You should enter the number with no sign for positive values and a minus sign for negative values. The left hand bit of the binary conversion will be the sign bit: if the decimal number is positive the left hand bit will be set to zero by the calculator and the rest of the bits are the straight conversion value: if the decimal number is negative then the left hand bit will be set to "1" and the rest of the bits represent the 2's complemented value. ENTER THE DECIMAL NUMBER THAT YOU WISH TO CONVERT TO A BINARY BIT PATTERN TRANSLATED AS A 2'S COMPLEMENT SIGNED NUMBER: PRECEDE WITH MINUS SIGN FOR NEGATIVE. MINIMUM NUMBER AF BINARY BITS REQUIRED TO REPRESENT THE DECIMAL NUMBER ABOVE:: ENTER A NUMBER BELOW EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THIS ENTER NUMBER OF BINARY BITS THAT YOU WISH TO USE (MUST BE EQUAL OR GREATER THAN THE MINIMUM ABOVE): "" SOLUTION: THIS IS THE NUMEBR TRANSLATED AS A SIGNED 2'S COMPLEMENT BINARY USING THE NUMBER OF BITS SPECIFIED. "" THIS IS THE (32 BIT LENGTH) HEXADECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF THE BINARY WORD ABOVE PLEASE SELECT AREA AND PRINT FROM YOUR BROWSER (CTRL-P OR RIGHT CLICK)
SECONDS CALCULATOR MINS SECS SECONDS For any quantity (Voltage, Current, Torque, and others) that occurs at various levels including higher than rated and complete OFF for various equal or unequal segments of time (such as a power controller or motor), use this to find an RMS value. The RMS value can be indicative of the amount of heating such equipment will be subjected to. Enter the value for the quantity and time in seconds (or fractions thereof). PERIOD n DESCRIPTION This value is the constant level during the interval. (If it is not a flat value then you should find the RMS value over the interval by other means - or split into smaller intervals that can be approximated to be essentially level and then use this table). VALUE SECS RMS PERIOD You may take the result from above, enter it below, and then clear and reuse the above to enter more. Take the second result and enter that also in the next vacant row below, and so on. You may also make direct entries below (i.e. not from above). MORE THAN 10 (SHOW) ACCUMULATED DESCRIPTION VALUE SECS RMS PERIOD
QUADRATIC EQUATION CUBIC EQUATION QUADRATIC EQUATION ax2 + bx + c = 0 a = b = c = x1 = x2 = PLEASE PRINT FROM YOUR BROWSER (CTRL-P OR RIGHT CLICK) CUBIC EQUATION ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 SYNTHETIC DIVISION CHECK a = b = c = d = Real Root estimate: Spin over range, both positive and negative to find nearest zero Deviation. Then use FINE TUNE to get closer to zero. ADJUST REAL ROOT (X1) VALUE TO MINIMIZE DEVIATION X1 = FINE TUNE Deviation:This is the value of the function with the root value shown. If the root is exact, this deviation shown will be exact zero. (Adjust the root value to get as near zero as possible) SOLUTION DEVIATION X2 = X3 = PLEASE PRINT FROM YOUR BROWSER (CTRL-P OR RIGHT CLICK)
SHOW MOST USED CONVERSIONS LENGTH (DISTANCE) inch foot yard furlong mile mm cm m km nautical mile inch foot yard furlong mile mm cm m km nautical mile WEIGHT ounze pound stone (UK) ton (imperial) ton US hundredwt (Imperial) hundredwt (US) gram kilogram metric ton ounze pound stone (UK) ton (imperial) ton US hundredwt (Imperial) hundredwt (US) gram kilogram metric ton SPEED ft/sec ft/min m/sec mph km/hour knot SOUND LIGHT ft/sec ft/min m/sec mph km/hour knot SOUND POWER Horsepower Kilowatts watts Horsepower Kilowatts watts FORCE Newton Dyne Pound Force Newton Dyne Pound Force TORQUE Newton-meter Kilogram Force Meter Pound-Force Inch Pound-Force Foot Newton-meter Kilogram Force Meter Pound-Force Inch Pound-Force Foot ENERGY Joule Erg Horsepower hour Watt hour Kilowatt hour Foot pound BTU Joule Erg Horsepower hour Watt hour Kilowatt hour Foot pound BTU PRESSURE Pound per Square Inch Pascal MM of Mercury Torr Atmosphere Pound per Square Inch Pascal MM of Mercury Torr Atmosphere LIQUID MEASURE US Fluid Ounze US Pint US Quart US Gallon milliLiter Liter UK Fluid Ounze UK Pint UK Quart UK Gallon US Fluid Ounze US Pint US Quart US Gallon milliLiter Liter UK Fluid Ounze UK Pint UK Quart UK Gallon AREA Square Inches Square Feet Square Yards Acres Hectacres Square Miles Square Centimeters Square Meters Square Kilometers . Square Inches Square Feet Square Yards Acres Hectacres Square Miles Square Centimeters Square Meters Square Kilometers . VOLUME Cubic Inches Cubic Feet Cubic Yards Cubic Centimeters Cubic Meters US Pint Liter Cubic Inches Cubic Feet Cubic Yards Cubic Centimeters Cubic Meters US Pint Liter INERTIA Pound Inch Squared Pound Feet Squared Gram Centimeter Squared Kilogram Meter Squared Pound Inch Squared Pound Feet Squared Gram Centimeter Squared Kilogram Meter Squared TEMPERATURE Centigrade Farenheit Kelvin Centigrade C Farenheit F Kelvin K SHOW PREFIXES FOR METRIC UNITS MULTIPLY BY FOR PREFIX: P-(PETA) T-(TERA) G-(GIGA) M-(MEGA) K-(KILO) H-(HECTO) D-(DEKAO) DIVIDE BY FOR PREFIX: d-(deci) c-(centi) m-(milli) u-(micro) n-(nano) p-(pico) f-(femto) PLEASE PRINT FROM YOUR BROWSER (CTRL-P OR RIGHT CLICK)
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